Abstract The automotive steering system's integrity is fundamental to vehicle control and occupant safety. A pivotal component within this system is the tie rod end, الذي يربط رف التوجيه بمفصل التوجيه. Its wear over time is inevitable,...

Abstract The automotive tie rod end is a foundational pivot point within a vehicle's steering linkage, translating inputs from the steering gear into the angular movement of the front wheels. Its functional integrity is directly proportional to the vehicle's...